Very Short Question and Answer
1. What are the components of learning?
The primary components of learning are listed below:
- Change
- Relatively permanent
- Experience
- Reinforcement
2. 2075 Q.No. 4 What is the ‘O’ factor?
Organism (O) factors are intimately related to the individual and his/her psychological and physiological state. The mental state is a psychological factor whereas learned fine muscular coordination skill is a physiological factor.
3. 2074 Q.No. 4 What is learning?
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential resulting from direct or indirect experience. In other words, learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
4. What is the principle of intensity in learning?
The principle of intensity in learning states that an individual will learn more from a real thing (primary) than from a substitute (secondary thing). As per this, a routine or boring experience teaches less than a clear and dramatic learning experience.
5. Enlist the major steps in the learning process.
For the learning process to be completed, the following steps are essential:
- Stimulus
- Response
- Motivation or drive
- Reward or incentive
6. What are the important theories of learning?
Theories of learning help to explain how the process of learning occurs. There are four important theories of learning enlisted as follows:
- Classing conditioning theory
- Operant conditioning theory
- Cognitive theory
- Social learning theory
Short Question and Answer
1. State the concept of learning and explain the factors that influence learning.
Meaning of Learning
Learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. We can say that the changes in the behaviour indicate that learning has taken place and that learning is a change in behaviour.
Factors Influencing Learning
There are lots of factors that influence learning. Some of the most common are explained briefly.
- Psychological factors: The psychological factors that influence learning includes an individual’s interest, values, perception, beliefs, needs and motives etc. Therefore, the organization must be familiar with individual psychological factors in order to make learning more effective.
- Physiological factors: Another influencing factor of learning is a human physiological difference. This includes intelligence, age, sex, health, and memory power. It is well-known fact that healthy and intelligent people can learn more than dull and physically unfit people.
- Learning method: Learning principles and methods followed by organizations play a vital role in learning. Learning depends on funds, qualified resource person, two-way communication between trainee and trainer, etc.
- Environmental factors: Environmental factors consist of a sound and healthy organizational environment. A clean, bright and peaceful environment plays a dominant role in learning. The major barriers for learners are noise and air pollution. Likewise, massive hot or cold weather influences learning.
- Appropriate feedback system: These should be a set of feedback rules to be judgmental, and express enhance learning. Some examples are, being specific, non-judgmental, your own feeling etc. With the application of these sets of effective feedback, one can learn in the organization.
2. write the Steps of Behaviour Modification
Steps of Behaviour Modification
The general steps in behaviour modification are explained below.
a) Identification of performance-related behavioural events: It is the first step in the behaviour modification process. In this step, managers need to identify behaviours that are highly desirable and undesirable. Managers need to examine and specify the behaviour that needs to be changed.
b) Measurement of behaviours: This step involves the collection and analysis of data before, during and after the behaviour modification programme. Based on the received data one can assess the success or failure of the programme.
c) Functional analysis: It is the third step in the behaviour modification process. This step brings out the problem-solving nature of the behaviour modification programme. Here, it consists of a detailed examination of present behaviour shown by employees and their consequences. Behaviour modification recognizes that behaviour is influenced by two environmental contingencies i.e. the antecedents that precede behaviours and the consequences that follow behaviour.
d) Develop intervention strategy: This step is designed to strengthen desirable critical behaviours and weaken undesirable critical behaviour. It consists of the following subcomponents:
- Applying appropriate strategy
- Re-measuring the frequency of response
- Maintaining desirable behaviour
e) Evaluation for performance improvement: This is the final step of the behaviour modification process that focuses on identifying the success or failure of the program. The manager compares employee behaviour before the start of the program with the application of the program. In addition, a manager tries to know whether the goal is actually achieved or not.
3. Discuss the principles of learning. Principles of Learning
The major principles of learning are explained as follows:
a) Principles of reinforcement: Reinforcement is the attempt to develop or strengthen desirable behaviour by either bestowing positive consequences or withholding negative consequences. Positive reinforcement results from the application of a positive consequence following a desirable behaviour. Bonuses paid at the end of successful business years are an example of positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement results from withholding a threatened negative consequence when the desired behaviour occurs. For example, the boss imposing a penalty on an employee for coming late is an example of negative reinforcement.
b) Principles of punishment: Punishment is yet another way of changing human behaviour. It is an inverse of the reward. The purpose of punishment is to eliminate or weaken an undesirable behaviour. It is done in two ways. One way to punish a person is through the application of a negative consequence following an undesirable behaviour. For example, a football player who is excessively offensive to the referee on the football ground (undesirable behaviour) may be rejected from a game (negative consequence). The second way to punish the person is through the withholding of a positive consequence following an undesirable behaviour. For example, a sales representative who makes few visits to companies and in turn makes sales well below quota (undesirable behaviour) is given less commission (positive consequence).
c) Principles of motivation: Whether it is learning in the classroom or workplace, if people themselves are not sufficiently motivated to learn for goal achievement and development, there will be no productivity, career development and other forms of development. However, one can not be forced to learn. Learning needs motivation on the part of the learner in order to exert a high level of effort.
d) Principles of practice: The most useful way to learn is implicit learning i.e. the experiential way. We acquire information about relationships in the environment without any conscious attempt to do so. Implicit learning occurs when we directly interact with the environmental forces competitors, customers, supervisors and so on. One popular form of practice learning is active learning.
Long Question and Answer
1. State the concept of learning and explain the factors that influence learning.
Meaning of Learning
Learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. We can say that the changes in the behaviour indicate that learning has taken place and that learning is a change in behaviour.
Factors Influencing Learning
There are lots of factors that influence learning. Some of the most common are explained briefly.
a) Psychological factors: The psychological factors that influence learning includes an individual’s interest, values, perception, beliefs, needs and motives etc. Therefore, the organization must be familiar with individual psychological factors in order to make learning more effective.
b) Physiological factors: Another influencing factor of learning is a human physiological difference. This includes intelligence, age, sex, health, and memory power. It is well-known fact that healthy and intelligent people can learn more than dull and physically unfit people.
c) Learning method: Learning principles and methods followed by the organization play a vital role in learning. Learning depends on funds, qualified resource person, two-way communication between trainee and trainer, etc.
d) Environmental factors: Environmental factors consist of a sound and healthy organizational environment. A clean, bright and peaceful environment plays a dominant role in learning. The major barriers for learners are noise and air pollution. Likewise, massive hot or cold weather influences learning.
e) Appropriate feedback system: These should be a set of feedback rules to be judgmental, and express enhance learning. Some examples are, being specific, non-judgmental, your own feeling etc. With the application of these sets of effective feedback, one can learn in the organization.
2. Discuss the principles of learning. Principles of Learning
The major principles of learning are explained as follows:
- Principles of reinforcement: Reinforcement is the attempt to develop or strengthen desirable behaviour by either bestowing positive consequences or withholding negative consequences. Positive reinforcement results from the application of a positive consequence following a desirable behaviour. Bonuses paid at the end of successful business years are an example of positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement results from withholding a threatened negative consequence when the desired behaviour occurs. For example, the boss imposing a penalty on an employee for coming late is an example of negative reinforcement.
- Principles of punishment: Punishment is yet another way of changing human behaviour. It is an inverse of the reward. The purpose of punishment is to eliminate or weaken an undesirable behaviour. It is done in two ways. One way to punish a person is through the application of a negative consequence following an undesirable behaviour. For example, a football player who is excessively offensive to the referee on the football ground (undesirable behaviour) may be rejected from a game (negative consequence). The second way to punish the person is through the withholding of a positive consequence following an undesirable behaviour. For example, a sales representative who makes few visits to companies and in turn makes sales well below quota (undesirable behaviour) is given less commission (positive consequence).
- Principles of motivation: Whether it is learning in the classroom or workplace, if people themselves are not sufficiently motivated to learn for goal achievement and development, there will be no productivity, career development and other forms of development. However, one can not be forced to learn. Learning needs motivation on the part of the learner in order to exert a high level of effort.
- Principles of practice: The most useful way to learn is implicit learning i.e. the experiential way. We acquire information about relationships in the environment without any conscious attempt to do so. Implicit learning occurs when we directly interact with the environmental forces competitors, customers, supervisors and so on. One popular form of practice learning is active learning.